QRZ! Ham Radio 5/QRZ Ham Radio Callsign Database - Volume 5.iso/digests/infoham/941129.txt

Internet Message Format | 1994-11-13 | 29KB

Date: Mon, 17 Oct 94 01:42:47 PDT
From: Info-Hams Mailing List and Newsgroup <[e-mail]>
Errors-To: [e-mail]
Reply-To: [e-mail]
Precedence: List
Subject: Info-Hams Digest V94 #1129
To: Info-Hams


Info-Hams Digest            Mon, 17 Oct 94       Volume 94 : Issue 1129

Today's Topics:
               anyone know anything about hallicrafters
                      Code practice on san fran
                    Ham Tests in MD/NoVA/DC area?
                   IPS Daily Report - 16 October 94
                           New HDN Releases
                      Ohio/Penn DX Bulletin #179
                        Sound Operated Phones
           strange things in the cleveland national forest
                          TUTORIAL: dB & dBm
                       WTB:  HP608D VHF sig gen

Send Replies or notes for publication to: <[e-mail]>
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Problems you can't solve otherwise to [e-mail].

Archives of past issues of the Info-Hams Digest are available
(by FTP only) from UCSD.Edu in directory "mailarchives/info-hams".

We trust that readers are intelligent enough to realize that all text
herein consists of personal comments and does not represent the official
policies or positions of any party.  Your mileage may vary.  So there.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: Mon, 17 Oct 1994 04:06:24 GMT
From: Mike Lyon <[e-mail]>
Subject: anyone know anything about hallicrafters

i recently picked up a old hallicrafters shortwave reciever. i would like
to see if i can get some schematics,information or anything on it. on the
tune dial it says "Skyrider jr." and i can barely make out the model no.
it says model "h" in a white circle and after that it says either one of
these, i can't tell it's a little rusty, but it's either a s-416,
s-116,s-110, s-410. it's about a foot long and about 9 inches tall and
about 9 inches wide. and also does hallicrafters still exist? if it does
could anyone give me the any information on how to contact them.

                                thank you,
                                [e-mail]
--
                             ///////////////////////
                          |      Mike Lyon      |
                    |       KE6MRE        |
                        |   [e-mail]   |

------------------------------

Date: Sun, 16 Oct 94 22:47:38
From: [e-mail]
Subject: Code practice on san fran

 Ne> From: [e-mail]
 Ne> Newsgroups: rec.radio.amateur.misc
 Ne> Subject: Code Practice on San Francisco Peninsula
 Ne> Date: Mon, 10 Oct 94 02:16:52 GMT
 Ne> Organization: VeriFone Inc.

 Ne> David Barnes KD6DMS
 Ne> [e-mail]

Hi David.

I tried a direct internet response but the server kicked the message back
as denied so I'll go this route.  If you got my original reply let me know.

W1AW sends text from QST.  The schedule is published in QST and is also
available from [e-mail].    Send in the body of the message

reply   your internet add
help
index
quit



You should get a response within a few hours.  This is machine to machine so
as often as your system checks the internet is how fast your response.

73
BS KC4WQ

... Tried everything and it still says C:
___ Blue Wave/QWK v2.12

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 14 Oct 1994 09:00:23 UNDEFINED
From: [e-mail] (David Albert)
Subject: Ham Tests in MD/NoVA/DC area?

I would like to take my No-Code Tech test...does anyone know of tests being
given in the Washington DC., Suburban MD or VA area?
Thanks!

------------------------------

Date: Mon, 17 Oct 1994 02:06:46 GMT
From: [e-mail] (Regional Warning Centre)
Subject: IPS Daily Report - 16 October 94

SUBJ: IPS DAILY SOLAR AND GEOPHYSICAL REPORT
ISSUED AT 16/2330Z OCTOBER 1994 BY IPS RADIO AND SPACE SERVICES
FROM THE REGIONAL WARNING CENTRE (RWC), SYDNEY.
SUMMARY FOR 16 OCTOBER AND FORECAST FOR 17 OCTOBER - 19 OCTOBER
-----------------------------------------------------------
1A. SOLAR SUMMARY
Activity: very low

Flares: none.

Observed 10.7 cm flux/Equivalent Sunspot Number :  91/36

GOES satellite data for 15 Oct
       Daily Proton Fluence >1 MeV:   8.2E+05
       Daily Proton Fluence >10 MeV:  9.8E+03
       Daily Electron Fluence >2 MeV: 1.2E+07 (normal)
       X-ray background: B1.3
Fluence (flux accumulation over 24hrs)/ cm2-ster-day.

1B. SOLAR FORECAST
             17 Oct             18 Oct             19 Oct
Activity     Low                Low                Low
Fadeouts     None expected      None expected      None expected

Forecast 10.7 cm flux/Equivalent Sunspot Number for 17 Oct:  90/34

-----------------------------------------------------------
2A. MAGNETIC SUMMARY
Geomagnetic field at Learmonth: quiet to unsettled

Estimated Indices : A   K           Observed A Index 15 Oct
    Learmonth        7  2313 2111
    Fredericksburg   6                           9
    Planetary        7                          11

Observed Kp for 15 Oct: 3333 3122
2B. MAGNETIC FORECAST
DATE      Ap    CONDITIONS
17 Oct     8    Quiet
18 Oct    10    Quiet to unsettled
19 Oct     8    Quiet

-----------------------------------------------------------
3A. GLOBAL HF PROPAGATION SUMMARY
                LATITUDE BAND
DATE        LOW            MIDDLE         HIGH
16 Oct      normal         normal         normal
PCA Event : None.

3B. GLOBAL HF PROPAGATION FORECAST
                LATITUDE BAND
DATE        LOW            MIDDLE         HIGH
17 Oct      normal         normal         normal
18 Oct      normal         normal         normal
19 Oct      normal         normal         normal

-----------------------------------------------------------
4A. AUSTRALIAN REGION IONOSPHERIC SUMMARY
       Observed
DATE   T-index  MUFs at Sydney
16 Oct    18    near predicted monthly values

Predicted Monthly T-index for October: 20

4B. AUSTRALIAN REGION IONOSPHERIC FORECAST
DATE   T-index  MUFs
17 Oct    18    Near predicted monthly values
18 Oct    20    Near predicted monthly values
19 Oct    20    Near predicted monthly values

--
IPS Regional Warning Centre, Sydney       |IPS Radio and Space Services
RWC Duty Forecaster   tel: [phone]  |PO Box 5606
Recorded Message      tel: [phone]  |West Chatswood NSW 2057
email: [e-mail]  fax: [phone]  |AUSTRALIA

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 14 Oct 1994 07:06:04
From: [e-mail] (Lee Laird)
Subject: New HDN Releases

The following files were processed Friday 10-14-94 by the Ham Dist Net
Please allow 48 hours for files to arrive at the HDN Anonymous FTP Site.

 HAMEQUIP        HAM: Radio and equipment modification distribution
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 RM.ZIP         563,844 Radio Manager V2.01 ICOM R-7000 controller for windows
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 563,844     bytes in 1   file(s)


 HAMNEWS         HAM: Ham Bulletins and Newsletters
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ARLB077.ZIP      2,014 10/03/94 - Morse exemption denied
 ARLB078.ZIP      1,991 10/03/94 - Tech license renewals
 ARLB079.ZIP      2,005 10/10/94 - Congress resolution passes
 ARLD060.ZIP      1,886 10/06/94 Committee vote results
 ARLP041.ZIP      2,099 ARRL Propagation Bulletin 10/07/94
 BARTG022.ZIP     4,767 BARTG Bulletin 022 October, 1994
 IRTS1002.ZIP     3,751 IRTS Bulletin 10/02/94
 IRTS1009.ZIP     3,996 IRTS Bulletin 10/09/94
 NEWS0930.ZIP     8,327 NewsLine #894 09/30/94
 NEWS1007.ZIP     8,971 NewsLine #895 10/07/94
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 39,807      bytes in 10  file(s)


 HAMSAT          HAM: Satellite tracking and finding programs
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ARLK044.ZIP      3,232 ARRL Keplerian Bulletin 10/04/94
 ARLK045.ZIP      3,231 ARRL Keplerian Bulletin 10/08/94
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 6,463       bytes in 2   file(s)


 HAMSRC          HAM: Source to Amateur Radio Programs
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 WN940930.ZIP   547,840 Turbo C source WNOS940930 of KA9Q TCP/IP for P
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 547,840     bytes in 1   file(s)


 Total of 1,157,954 in 14 file(s)


Official Ham Distribution Net FTP Server :    ftp.iea.com    /pub/borg/hdn
Official Ham Distribution Net E-mail     :    [e-mail]

Official U.S. Postal Service Address     :    Ham Distribution Net
                                              P.O. Box 50003
                                              Dallas, Texas 75250-0003

Official Ham Distribution Net BBS'       :    [phone] 8N1 16.8k v32b
                                              [phone] 8N1 14.4k v32b
                                              Logon: Guest;guest

 * Origin: Africa-Asia-Australia-Europe-USA/Canada-S.America (1:124/7009)

------------------------------

Date: Sun, 16 Oct 1994 16:21:00 EST
From: [e-mail] (Tedd Mirgliotta)
Subject: Ohio/Penn DX Bulletin #179

SB DX @ ALLBBS $OPDX.179
Ohio/Penn DX Bulletin No. 179

The Ohio/Penn Dx PacketCluster
DX Bulletin No. 179
BID: $OPDX.179
October 17, 1994
Editor Tedd Mirgliotta, KB8NW
Provided by BARF-80 BBS Cleveland, Ohio
Online at 216-237-8208 14400/9600/2400/1200/300 8/N/1

Thanks to the Northern Ohio Amateur Radio Society, Northern Ohio DX
Association, Ohio/Penn PacketCluster Network, DF4RD, DL7VEE & DX NEWS
Letter, K4CEF & Southeastern Cluster Group, WA1G, NA2M, K3DI, N4VZ,
KG4ML/WB6VGI, KJ4VH, W6CF, KK6EK, N6SS, N7VEW, F8RU, G0MRF, VA3CW,
VU2SMN and YU1AB for the following DX information.

5V, TOGO. Adam, N7VEW, states he has a sked with Dave, 5V7MD, on October
19th, on 14165 kHz at 2200z. After their sked, Dave will stick around for
about 1 to 1 1/2 hours to work stations either from a list or freestyle.
There is a possibility that Adam may become 5V7MD's QSL Manager.

8R, GUYANA. Marko, OH6DO/AB6NJ (and now VR2NJ), will be active in the
CQWW SSB DX Contest as 8R1K.  He is planning a serious Single Op/All
Band effort. His length of stay is unknown at this time. QSLs go to
OH6DO CBA only. Marko says, "please don't use other addresses."

9U, BURUNDI. Ted, F8RU, heard from Paul, 9Q5EXV, that he and a few
others would be active during the CQWW Contest as 4U9U.

BS7H CARDS. Jim, W6CF, the QSL Manager for this operation, has announced
that all replies went into the mail, October 15th. Card requests for
BS7H/MM did not go out because the logs have not been received as of yet.
The logs are expected to arrive sometime next week.

C5, THE GAMBIA. In late October-November, the Whitton Amateur Radio
Group from South West London will be mounting a DXpedition from C5-land.
There will be activity on 13 amateur bands from 160 meters to 2.3GHz.
This will include 6 meters and satellite via OSCAR 13 mode B and S. The
Gambia is very rare on satellite and this will be the first operation on
mode "S" from this location. Operating dates will be between October 23rd
and November 10th, which will include activity in the CQWW SSB DX Contest.
Look for C56/G0MRF and C56DX during the contest. QSL via G0MRF direct or
via bureau. Note: In callbooks prior to 1994, G0MRF is listed under G8PDW.

CT3/CR9, MADEIRA ISLANDS. Frank, DL8KWS, was orginally signing DL8KWS/CT3
from here but is now using the call CR9WAG. Another German operator is
also active signing DL3KUD/CT3. Both stations are very active on CW and
on all bands (including the WARC bands). They will be there until October
27th. QSL via their CBA.

IOTA NA-066, CALIFORNIA SOUTHERN GROUP. Bob, KK6EK (one the operators
from the 3Y0PI DXpedition) will be here November 25-27th. His plans are
to make a special effort on 40 meters. During the operation, he will tie
into InterNet (intermittantly) and post operating skeds (on the DX
Reflector).

KG4, GUANTANAMO BAY. Jeff, WI2T, will be active in the CQWW SSB Contest
as a Single Op (work sked permitting) signing KG4JO. He will be using
the TS-530 and antenna system at the KG4AN club station in Guantanamo.
QSL via WI2T.

LX, LUXEMBOURG. A group of Dutch operators will be active from October
26-30th. They will be using the callsign LX/PA3DKC on HF (including the
WARC bands) and LX/PA3CDI on 6 meters.

S7, SEYCHELLES. Andres, EA4EGZ, will be on Mahe Island from October
21-28th. Activity will be on CW, 40-10 meters.

V2, ANTIGUA. Ratko, YU1NR, will be active for 20 days starting October
26th. His activities will include participation in the CQWW DX SSB
Contest, he will be on all bands and CW/SSB/SSTV/Packet. Look for him
to sign V29NR. QSL via YU1NR, Novakovic Ratko, P.O. Box 145, YU-34000
Kragujevac.

VP9, BERMUDA. Dick, K3DI, informed OPDX that he will be active as
K3DI/VP9 in Warwick, Bermuda from November 6-12th. QSL via his CBA or
the W3 QSL bureau.

VR, PITCAIRN ISLAND. It is reported that VR6MW and other VR6-stations
are active around 0600z on 40 meters SSB (e.g. on 7083 kHz in a net).

VQ9, CHAGOS ISLANDS. This one is for the 160 meter DXers! The operations
of VQ9SS and VQ8QM have ceased effective October 12th until further
notice. In the meantime, look for limited operations by VQ9KC and new
arrival VQ9ZX.

VU4/VU7, ANDAMAN AND LACCADIVE ISLANDS. Bruce, WA1G, received a letter
from Suhas, VU2SMN, stating there are continuing plans to activate VU4
and VU7. Suhas reports that they have filed huge amounts of paperwork
with the Ministry of Telecommunications over the last two years in hopes
to receive a licence. They still hope to be active sometime this October,
but the group cannot announce the details like exact dates of operation,
call signs, QSL info, etc.... until they get the official licence in hand.

XU, KAMPUCHEA. N4VZ reports that European stations were working XU1MF on
18138 at 1515z on October 11th, but he was unable to copy him.  One of
the Europeans repeated back his QSL manager as JA1JTU.  We've seen no
mention of this station in recent bulletins or on the air.

FAX YOUR DX INFORMATION NOW! Faxing is available Monday/Wednesday/Friday
from 0430 to 2330z only. The number is 216-237-8208 and the FAX card is
sharing the same phone line as BARF-80 BBS using a data/fax/phone switch.

Excerpts and distribution of The OPDX Bulletin are granted as long as
KB8NW/OPDX/BARF80 receive credit. To contribute DX info, call BARF-80 BBS
online at 216-237-8208 14400/9600/2400/1200/300 and leave a message with
the Sysop or send InterNet Mail to: [e-mail] or send
BitNet Mail to: aq474%cleveland.freenet@cunyvm or send PRODIGY Mail to:
DFJH48A or send a message via packet to KB8NW @ WA8BXN.OH.USA.NA

/EXIT

----------------------------
Tedd Mirgliotta  KB8NW
InterNet: [e-mail]
Basic Amateur Radio Frequency BBS (BARF-80) +1 216/237-8208
"Totally devoted to Amateur Radio" - 24 Hrs a day 8/N/1 14.4k-300 baud

------------------------------

Date: Sun, 16 Oct 1994 21:39:42
From: [e-mail] (Bill Vaughn)
Subject: Sound Operated Phones

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Gary Coffman) writes:
>From: [e-mail] (Gary Coffman)
>Subject: Re: Sound Operated Phones
>Date: Sun, 16 Oct 1994 17:40:29 GMT

>In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail]
>(John Mollan - Harm) writes:
>>Recently I have read several books about the US Navy in WWII using
>>sound-operated phone systems.
>>
>>How do these systems operate?  What is the electronic theory behnd it?

>They work on the dynamo principle. A dynamic microphone is used that
>generates a voltage when  sound waves vibrate a coil in a magnetic
>field (or a magnet vibrates next to a fixed coil). That voltage then
>drives a sensitive set of headphones at the other end of the wires.
>Gary

And it might interest you to know that sound powered phones as they are
referred to in the navy and coast guard are alive and well and used every day
for intership communication.

------------------------------

Date: 17 Oct 1994 04:58:52 GMT
From: [e-mail] (Tobin T Fricke)
Subject: strange things in the cleveland national forest

I have heard about Marijuana plantations, Military
installations, Missile silo's, and Laser and bomb
testing areas in the Cleveland National Forest.  Can
anyone provide any addittional information?

Specifically, I've heard of a VLF radio antenna that
is suspended in a culvert below a station on Pleasant
Peak.  Anyone know about his?

Other than that, I'm interested in any nifty and/or
little known places to explore in the vicinity of
Orange County, California.

Please reply via Email to [e-mail]
and not to this newsgroup, since I do not often check
the usenet newsgroups.

Thanks
--
Tobin Fricke          [e-mail]
Duct tape is like the force;  it has a light side and a dark
side, and it holds the world together.

------------------------------

Date: Sat, 15 Oct 94 21:56:18 -0500
From: [e-mail] (Paul W Schleck KD3FU)
Subject: TUTORIAL: dB & dBm

                     USING AND UNDERSTANDING DECIBELS

                                    by

                          Paul H. Bock, Jr. K4MSG

Author's Note:  This tutorial was originally written for the use of
non-RF/analog engineers (digital, software) and non-engineers who
needed an easy-to-follow reference on the general use of the decibel.
I hope that some amateur operators may find it useful as well.

     While the historical accuracy of the comments relating to the
telephone company and telephone company engineers may be open to
question (the information as supplied to me was anecdotal), the
technical points made should be valid regardless of the exact turn
of history.


*General*

     The decibel, or dB, is a means of expressing either the gain
of an active device (such as an amplifier) or the loss in a passive
device (such as an attenuator or length of cable).  The decibel was
developed by the telephone company to conveniently express the gain
or loss in telephone transmission systems.  The decibel is best
understood by first discussing the rationale for its development.

     If we have two cascaded amplifiers as shown below, with power
gain factors A1 and A2 as indicted, the total gain is the product
of the individual gains, or A1 x A2.

     Input >-------- Amp #1 --------- Amp #2 ------> Output

                    A1 = 275          A2 = 55

     In the example, the total gain factor At = 275 x 55 = 15,125.
Now, imagine for a moment what it would be like to calculate the
total gain of a string of amplifiers.  It would be a cumbersome
task at best, and especially so if there were portions of the
cascade which were lossy and reduced the total gain, thereby
requiring division as well as multiplication.

     It was for the reason stated above that Bell Telephone
developed the decibel.  Thinking back to the rules for logarithms,
we recall that rather than multiplying two numbers we can add their
logarithms and then take the antilogarithm of this sum to find the
product we would have gotten had we multiplied the two numbers.
Mathematically,
                     log (A x B) = log A + log B

     If we want to divide one number into another, we subtract the
logarithm of the divisor from the logarithm of the dividend, or in
other words
                     log (A/B) = log A - log B

     The telephone company decided that it might be convenient to
handle gains and losses this way, so they invented a unit of gain
measurement called a "Bel," named after Alexander Graham Bell.
They defined the Bel as

                     Gain in Bels = log A

           where  A = Power amplification factor

     Going back to our example, we find that log 275 = 2.439 and
log 55 = 1.740, so the total gain in our cascade is

                     2.439 + 1.74 = 4.179 Bels

     It quickly occurred to the telephone company engineers that
using Bels meant they would be working to at least two decimal
places.  They couldn't just round things off to one decimal place,
since 4.179 bels is a power gain of 15,101 while 4.2 bels is a
power gain of 15,849, yielding an error of about 5%.  At that point
it was decided to express power gain in units which were equal to
one-tenth of a Bel, or in deci-Bels.  This simply meant that the
gain in Bels would be multiplied by 10, since there would be ten
times more decibels than Bels.  This changes the formula to

            Gain in decibels (dB) = 10 log A    (Eq. 1)

     Again using our example, the gain in the cascade is now

                    24.39 + 17.40 = 41.79 decibels

     The answer above is accurate, convenient to work with, and can
be rounded off to the first decimal place will little loss in
accuracy; 41.79 dB is a power gain of 15,101, while 41.8 dB is a
power gain of 15,136, so the error is only 0.23%.

     What if the power gain factor is less than one, indicating an
actual power loss?  The calculation is performed as shown above
using Equation 1, but the result will be different.  Suppose we
have a device whose power gain factor is 0.25, which means that it
only outputs one-fourth of the power fed into it?  Using Equation
1, we find
                     G = 10 log (0.25)

                     G = 10 (-0.60)

                     G = -6.0 dB

     The minus sign occurs because the logarithm of any number less
than 1 is always negative.  This is convenient, since a power loss
expressed in dB will always be negative.

     There are two common methods of using the decibel.  The first
is to express a known power gain factor in dB, as just described.
The second is to determine the power gain factor and convert it to
dB, which can all be done in one calculation.  The formula for this
operation is as follows:
                                  Po
                      G = 10 log ----          (Eq. 2)
                                  Pi

               where G  = Gain in dB
                     Po = Power output from the device
                     Pi = Power input to the device

     Both Po and Pi should be in the same units; i.e., watts,
milliwatts, etc.  Note that Equation 2 deals with power, not
voltage or current; these are handled differently when converted
to dB, and are not relevant to this discussion.  Below are two
examples of the correct application of Equation 2:

     Ex. 1:  An amplifier supplies 3.5 watts of output with an
           input of 20 milliwatts.  What is the gain in dB?

                                3.5 watts
                    G = 10 log ----
                                0.02 watts

                    G = 10 log (175)

                    G = 10 (2.24)

                    G = 22.4 dB


     Ex. 2:  A length of coaxial transmission line is being fed
           with 150 watts from a transmitter, but the power
           measured at the output end of the line is only 112
           watts.  What is the line loss in dB?

                               112 watts
                    G = 10 log ---
                               150 watts

                    G = 10 log 0.747

                    G = 10 (-0.127)

                    G = -1.27 dB


*Non-relative (Absolute) Uses of the Decibel*

     The most common non-relative, or absolute, use of the decibel
is the dBm, or decibel relative to one milliwatt.  It is different
from the dB because it represents, in physical terms, an absolute
amount of power which can be measured.

     The difference between "relative" and "absolute" can be
understood easily by considering temperature.  For example, if I
say that it is "20 degrees colder now than it was this morning,"
it's a relative measurement; unless the listener knows how cold it
was this morning, it doesn't mean anything in absolute terms.  If,
however, I say, "It was 20 degrees C this morning, but it's 20
degrees colder now," then the listener knows exactly what is meant;
it is now 0 degrees C.  This can be measured on a thermometer and
is referenced to an absolute temperature scale.

     So it is with dB and dBm.  A dB is merely a relative
measurement, while a dBm is referenced to an absolute quantity:
the milliwatt (1/1000 of a watt).  We can apply this concept to
Equation 1 as follows:

                     dBm = 10 log (P) (1000 mW/watt)

               where dBm = Power in dB referenced to 1 milliwatt
                       P = Power in watts

     For example, take the case where we have a power level of 1
milliwatt:

                 dBm = 10 log (0.001 watt) (1000 mW/watt)

                 dBm = 10 log (1)

                 dBm = 10 (0)

                 dBm = 0

     Thus, we see that a power level of 1 milliwatt is 0 dBm.  This
makes sense intuitively, since our reference power level is also
1 milliwatt.  If the power level was 1 watt, however, we find that

                 dBm = 10 log (1 watt) (1000 mW/watt)

                 dBm = 10 (3)

                 dBm = 30

     The dBm can also be negative, just like the dB; if our power
level is 1 microwatt, we find that

                 dBm = 10 log (1 x 10E-6 watt) (1000 mW/watt)

                 dBm = -30 dBm

     Since the dBm is an absolute amount of power, it can be
converted back to watts if desired.   Since it is in logarithmic
form it may also be conveniently combined with other dB terms,
making system analysis easier.  For example, suppose we have a
signal source with an output power of -70 dBm, which we wish to
connect to an amplifier having 22 dB gain through a cable having
8.5 dB loss.  What is the output level from the amplifier?  To find
the answer, we just add the gains and losses as follows:

                 Output = -70 dBm + 22 dB + (-8.5 dB)

                 Output = -70 dBm + 22 dB - 8.5 dB

                 Output = -56.5 dBm

     As a final note, power level may be referenced to other
quantities and expressed in dB form.  Below are some examples:

         dBW = Power level referenced to 1 watt

         dBk = Power level referenced to 1 kilowatt (1000 watts)

     One other common usage is dBc, which is a relative term like
dB alone.  It means "dB referenced to a carrier level" and is most
commonly seen in receiver specifications regarding spurious signals
or images.  For example, "Spurious signals shall not exceed -50
dBc" means that spurious signals will always be at least 50 dB less
than some specified carrier level present (which could mean "50 dB
less than the desired signal").

       * Paul H. Bock, Jr. K4MSG  * Principal Systems Engineer
(|_|)  * E-Systems/Melpar Div.    * Telephone: [phone] x2062
 | |)  * 7700 Arlington Blvd.     * Internet: [e-mail]
       * Falls Church, VA 22046   * Mailstop: N203

 "Imagination is more important than knowledge." - Albert Einstein

------------------------------

Date: 17 Oct 1994 01:04:03 -0400
From: [e-mail] (NX7U)
Subject: WTB:  HP608D VHF sig gen

Do you have a boatanchor yearning to be free?
Let it take up space in my apartment instead!  Give the wife an early
Christmas present!
WTB:  HP608D.  Not 'E', not 'C', only 'D'.  with manual nice but not
necessary.  Please respond directly with desired reward.
scott
[e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: 17 Oct 1994 04:25:34 GMT
From: [e-mail] (Chris Radek)

References<[e-mail]> <37jh0l$[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>
Subject: Re: ARRL And Gay Hams Settle Complaint

>On a more serious note, most homosexual organizations exist  to
>promote acceptance of homosexual behavior as 'normal' and even
>a Good Thing.

>73...Jim  N2VNO

No, actually most "homosexual" (try gay sometime - it's less clinical)
organizations exist to promote the fact that we're human, just like everyone
else, and just like everyone else we want and deserve to be treated as such.
Nobody is trying to "sell" you on being gay; God knows gay people have
enough trouble without folks like you on our side of the fence...  I had
hoped that technology might help bridge gaps in understanding between people
with different feelings and beliefs, but it looks like misunderstanding is
still alive and well here.

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End of Info-Hams Digest V94 #1129
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